Record Information
Version 1.0
Update Date 1/22/2018 11:54:54 AM
Metabolite IDPAMDB000048
Identification
Name: Glutathione
Description:Glutathione (GSH) is a compound synthesized from cysteine. Like cysteine, glutathione contains the crucial thiol (-SH) group that makes it an effective antioxidant. There are virtually no living organisms on this planet-animal or plant whose cells don't contain some glutathione. Scientists have speculated that glutathione was essential to the very development of life on earth. Glutathione has many roles; in none does it act alone. It is a coenzyme in various enzymatic reactions. The most important of these are redox reactions, in which the thiol grouping on the cysteine portion of cell membranes protects against peroxidation; and conjugation reactions, in which glutathione binds with toxic chemicals in order to detoxify them. GSH is known as a substrate in both conjugation reactions and reduction reactions, catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase enzymes in the bacterial cytosol.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms:
  • γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
  • 5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
  • Agifutol S
  • Bakezyme RX
  • Copren
  • Deltathione
  • g-Glutamylcysteinylglycine
  • g-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
  • g-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
  • Gamma-Glutamylcysteinylglycine
  • Gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
  • Gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
  • Glutathion
  • Glutathionate
  • Glutathione
  • Glutathione red
  • Glutathione reduced
  • Glutathione-SH
  • Glutathionic acid
  • Glutatiol
  • Glutatione
  • Glutide
  • Glutinal
  • GSH
  • Isethion
  • L-g-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
  • L-g-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
  • L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
  • L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
  • L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
  • L-Glutathione
  • L-Glutathione reduce
  • L-γ-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
  • L-γ-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
  • Ledac
  • Neuthion
  • Red. glutathione
  • Reduced glutathione
  • Tathion
  • Tathione
  • Triptide
  • γ-Glutamylcysteinylglycine
  • γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
  • γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
Chemical Formula: C10H17N3O6S
Average Molecular Weight: 307.323
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 307.083805981
InChI Key: RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N
InChI:InChI=1S/C10H17N3O6S/c11-5(10(18)19)1-2-7(14)13-6(4-20)9(17)12-3-8(15)16/h5-6,20H,1-4,11H2,(H,12,17)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)(H,18,19)/t5-,6-/m0/s1
CAS number: 70-18-8
IUPAC Name:(2S)-2-amino-4-{[(1R)-1-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]-2-sulfanylethyl]carbamoyl}butanoic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: glutathione
SMILES:N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(O)=O)C(O)=O
Chemical Taxonomy
Taxonomy DescriptionThis compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma-glutamyl peptides. These are oligo- and polypeptides consisting of any C-terminal alpha peptide having a gamma-glutamyl residue attached at the N alpha-position.
Kingdom Organic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
Class Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct Parent Gamma-glutamyl peptides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Gamma-glutamyl alpha peptide
  • N-acyl-aliphatic-alpha amino acid
  • N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
  • N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
  • Alpha-amino acid amide
  • L-alpha-amino acid
  • Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
  • N-substituted-alpha-amino acid
  • Alpha-amino acid
  • Amino fatty acid
  • Fatty acyl
  • Fatty acid
  • N-acyl-amine
  • Fatty amide
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Carboxamide group
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid amide
  • Alkylthiol
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary amine
  • Organosulfur compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Carbonyl group
  • Amine
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular Framework Aliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
State: Solid
Charge:-1
Melting point: 195 °C
Experimental Properties:
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility:292.5 mg/mL [HMP experimental]PhysProp
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.879 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-2.7ALOGPS
logP-4.9ChemAxon
logS-2.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)1.94ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.22ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count7ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count6ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area158.82 Å2ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count9ChemAxon
Refractivity69.11 m3·mol-1ChemAxon
Polarizability29.11 Å3ChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations: Cytoplasm
Reactions:
Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Glutathione > ADP + Glutathione + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Glutathione > ADP + Glutathione + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate
-->-->glutaredoxin + 2 Glutathione > glutaredoxin + Glutathione disulfide
S-Formylglutathione + Water <> Formic acid + Glutathione + Hydrogen ion
Arsenate + 2 Glutathione > Arsenite + Glutathione disulfide + Water
Water + S-Lactoylglutathione > Glutathione + Hydrogen ion + D-Lactic acid
periplasmic disulfide isomerase/thiol-disulphide oxidase (oxidized) + 2 Glutathione > periplasmic disulfide isomerase/thiol-disulphide oxidase (reduced) + Glutathione disulfide
Glutathione + Pyruvaldehyde <> S-Lactoylglutathione
2 Glutathione + Hydrogen peroxide <> Glutathione disulfide +2 Water
protein disulfide isomerase II (oxidized) + 2 Glutathione > protein disulfide isomerase II (reduced) + Glutathione disulfide
Adenosine triphosphate + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine <> ADP + Glutathione + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate + Glutathione + Spermidine <> ADP + Glutathionylspermidine + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate
Glutathionylspermidine + Water <> Glutathione + Spermidine
Glutathione + Water > Cysteinylglycine + L-Glutamate
Formaldehyde + Glutathione <> S-(Hydroxymethyl)glutathione
2 Glutathione + NAD <> Glutathione disulfide + NADH + Hydrogen ion
2 Glutathione + NADP <> Glutathione disulfide + NADPH + Hydrogen ion
Adenosine triphosphate + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine <> ADP + Phosphate + Glutathione
S-Formylglutathione + Water <> Formic acid + Glutathione
Glutathione + L-Amino acid <> Cysteinylglycine + (5-L-Glutamyl)-L-amino acid
S-Lactoylglutathione + Water <> Glutathione + D-Lactic acid
Adenosine triphosphate + Glutathione + Spermidine <> ADP + Phosphate + Glutathionylspermidine
RX + Glutathione <> Halide + R-S-Glutathione
1-Nitronaphthalene-7,8-oxide + Glutathione <> 1-Nitro-7-hydroxy-8-glutathionyl-7,8-dihydronaphthalene
1-Nitronaphthalene-7,8-oxide + Glutathione <> 1-Nitro-7-glutathionyl-8-hydroxy-7,8-dihydronaphthalene
1-Nitronaphthalene-5,6-oxide + Glutathione <> 1-Nitro-5-hydroxy-6-glutathionyl-5,6-dihydronaphthalene
1-Nitronaphthalene-5,6-oxide + Glutathione <> 1-Nitro-5-glutathionyl-6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydronaphthalene
Bromobenzene-3,4-oxide + Glutathione <> 3,4-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-4-S-glutathionyl bromobenzene
Bromobenzene-2,3-oxide + Glutathione <> 2,3-Dihydro-2-S-glutathionyl-3-hydroxy bromobenzene
Benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide + Glutathione <> 4,5-Dihydro-4-hydroxy-5-S-glutathionyl-benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol + Glutathione <> 7,8-Dihydro-7-hydroxy-8-S-glutathionyl-benzo[a]pyrene + Water
2,2-Dichloroacetaldehyde + Glutathione <> S-(2,2-Dichloro-1-hydroxy)ethyl glutathione
2,2-Dichloroacetaldehyde + Glutathione <> S-(2-Chloroacetyl)glutathione + Hydrochloric acid
2-(S-Glutathionyl)acetyl chloride + Glutathione <> 2-(S-Glutathionyl)acetyl glutathione + Hydrochloric acid
Trichloroethene + Glutathione <> S-(1,2-Dichlorovinyl)glutathione + Hydrochloric acid
1,2-Dibromoethane + Glutathione + Hydrogen ion <> Glutathione episulfonium ion +2 Hydrobromic acid
Aflatoxin B1-exo-8,9-epoxide + Glutathione <> Aflatoxin B1exo-8,9-epoxide-GSH
Selenite + Glutathione + Hydrogen ion > Selenodiglutathione + Glutathione disulfide + Water
-->-->2-hydroxyethyldisulfide + Glutathione 2-mercaptoethanol + Glutathione disulfide
bromoacetate + Glutathione Hydrogen ion + glutathione-S-acetate + Br<SUP>-</SUP>
-->-->S-(2-hydroxyacyl)glutathione + Water > Glutathione + a 2-hydroxy carboxylate
Adenosine triphosphate + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine > ADP + Inorganic phosphate + Glutathione
2 Glutathione + NADP > Glutathione disulfide + NADPH
Glutathione + Spermidine + Adenosine triphosphate > Glutathionylspermidine + ADP + Inorganic phosphate
RX + Glutathione > HX + R-S-glutathione
RX + Glutathione <> Halide + R-S-Glutathione
S-(2-Hydroxyacyl)glutathione + Water <> Glutathione + 2-Hydroxy carboxylate
gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Phosphate + Adenosine diphosphate + Glutathione + ADP
Oxidized glutathione + Hydrogen ion + NADPH + Glutathione disulfide + NADPH > NADP +2 Glutathione
Naphthalene epoxide + Glutathione + (1R,2S)-Naphthalene 1,2-oxide > (1R)-Glutathionyl-(2R)-hydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
Naphthalene epoxide + Glutathione + (1R,2S)-Naphthalene 1,2-oxide > (1R)-Hydroxy-(2R)-glutathionyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
Glutathione + Naphthalene epoxide + (1R,2S)-Naphthalene 1,2-oxide > (1S)-Hydroxy-(2S)-glutathionyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
Glutathione + 2,2-Dichloroacetaldehyde > S-(Formylmethyl)glutathione
More...

Pathways:
Spectra
Spectra:
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (x TMS)splash10-0a4i-0900000000-5841845f736f9a667622View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (x TMS)splash10-0a4i-0900000000-bdecde153761cb67852eView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSNot Available
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-004i-3795000000-d019cd7dcbad1f8a9e78View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-003r-9400000000-a83bf6292d41988256e3View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-001i-9000000000-305a92f8a9ffea58fa0eView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0a4i-0009000000-e950bfc5867b391c6960View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-004i-0910000000-83f6c079d1112e74ecf4View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-003r-0910000000-5b243cf8bd357ab270b1View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0a4i-0009000000-29ef335479f56b620d88View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0a4i-0009001000-d1f5986166efa523d024View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-056s-0495300000-dba7be381fd1ef776527View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-004i-0920000000-de5b8a5a377324599b39View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-053r-0007920000-7500cef211e48c8ea244View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0a4i-0119003000-4eb7ed4e2a4cf6a83c66View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0uki-0290000000-6893386899c6eed6a1a6View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-05g0-0190000000-cacc2de4ab18ed59798bView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0a4i-0009000000-6b4268add43ab66ef015View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-08fr-0015009000-a01bdc13a34d6ce8416fView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0uki-0290000000-ea94ec8247b4e025adbeView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0a4i-0039210000-e1f721157a9ea89959d6View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0a59-0039210000-35ce450ea95922abf0e1View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-0009000000-9b01fba547d1fcde113aView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negativesplash10-0006-0952000000-4a2a42699cf4aab2c559View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negativesplash10-002f-2900000000-bd9ba27b48b1322b7618View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negativesplash10-004m-5900000000-cc7184d5bba50e6e49d0View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-9200000000-aecd0eb18a10c3ffb7abView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, PositiveNot Available
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot Available
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot Available
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot Available
References
References:
  • Bayir H, Kagan VE, Tyurina YY, Tyurin V, Ruppel RA, Adelson PD, Graham SH, Janesko K, Clark RS, Kochanek PM: Assessment of antioxidant reserves and oxidative stress in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Pediatr Res. 2002 May;51(5):571-8. Pubmed: 11978879
  • Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. Pubmed: 19561621
  • Briz O, Romero MR, Martinez-Becerra P, Macias RI, Perez MJ, Jimenez F, San Martin FG, Marin JJ: OATP8/1B3-mediated cotransport of bile acids and glutathione: an export pathway for organic anions from hepatocytes? J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 13;281(41):30326-35. Epub 2006 Jul 28. Pubmed: 16877380
  • Calabrese V, Scapagnini G, Ravagna A, Bella R, Butterfield DA, Calvani M, Pennisi G, Giuffrida Stella AM: Disruption of thiol homeostasis and nitrosative stress in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with active multiple sclerosis: evidence for a protective role of acetylcarnitine. Neurochem Res. 2003 Sep;28(9):1321-8. Pubmed: 12938853
  • Calvo-Marzal P, Chumbimuni-Torres KY, Hoehr NF, Kubota LT: Determination of glutathione in hemolysed erythrocyte with amperometric sensor based on TTF-TCNQ. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Sep;371(1-2):152-8. Epub 2006 May 2. Pubmed: 16650398
  • Czeczot H, Scibior D, Skrzycki M, Podsiad M: Glutathione and GSH-dependent enzymes in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Biochim Pol. 2006;53(1):237-42. Epub 2006 Jan 9. Pubmed: 16404476
  • Czeczot H, Scibior D, Skrzycki M, Podsiad M: [Antioxidant barrier in patients with gastric cancer--preliminary study] Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2005 Oct;19(112):521-5. Pubmed: 16379316
  • Djurhuus R, Segadal K, Svardal AM: Glutathione in blood cells decreases without DNA breaks after a simulated saturation dive to 250 msw. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006 Jun;77(6):597-604. Pubmed: 16780237
  • Drevet JR: The antioxidant glutathione peroxidase family and spermatozoa: a complex story. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006 May 16;250(1-2):70-9. Epub 2006 Jan 19. Pubmed: 16427183
  • Grattagliano I, Portincasa P, Palmieri VO, Palasciano G: Contribution of canalicular glutathione efflux to bile formation. From cholestasis associated alterations to pharmacological intervention to modify bile flow. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2005 Jun;5(2):153-61. Pubmed: 16089347
  • Hung CR: Effect of lysozyme chloride on betel quid chewing aggravated gastric oxidative stress and hemorrhagic ulcer in diabetic rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Oct 7;11(37):5853-8. Pubmed: 16270397
  • Iida M, Yasuhara T, Mochizuki H, Takakura H, Yanagisawa T, Kubo H: Two Japanese brothers with hereditary gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(1):49-55. Pubmed: 15702405
  • Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597. Pubmed: 17379776
  • Iwasaki Y, Hoshi M, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H: Analysis of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in human saliva using hydrophilic interaction chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2006 Jul 24;839(1-2):74-9. Epub 2006 Apr 18. Pubmed: 16621738
  • Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. Pubmed: 22080510
  • Kawakami Y, Monobe M, Kuwabara K, Fujita T, Maeda M, Fujino O, Kojima S, Fukunaga Y: A comparative study of nitric oxide, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase activities in cerebrospinal fluid from children with convulsive diseases/children with aseptic meningitis. Brain Dev. 2006 May;28(4):243-6. Epub 2006 Jan 10. Pubmed: 16376049
  • Kaynar H, Meral M, Turhan H, Keles M, Celik G, Akcay F: Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, xanthine oxidase, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activities, total glutathione, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels in erythrocytes of patients with small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 2005 Sep 28;227(2):133-9. Epub 2005 Jan 8. Pubmed: 16112416
  • Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. Pubmed: 21097882
  • Nakayama Y, Kinoshita A, Tomita M: Dynamic simulation of red blood cell metabolism and its application to the analysis of a pathological condition. Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 May 9;2(1):18. Pubmed: 15882454
  • Oztezcan S, Balkan J, Dogru-Abbasoglu S, Cevikbas U, Aykac-Toker G, Uysal M: Resistance of erythrocytes to lipid peroxidation in cirrhotic rats. Arch Med Res. 2005 Sep-Oct;36(5):459-63. Pubmed: 16099321
  • Schulpis KH, Papassotiriou I, Parthimos T, Tsakiris T, Tsakiris S: The effect of L-cysteine and glutathione on inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity by aspartame metabolites in human erythrocyte membrane. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 May;60(5):593-7. Pubmed: 16391576
  • Sohlenius-Sternbeck AK, Schmidt S: Impaired glutathione-conjugating capacity by cryopreserved human and rat hepatocytes. Xenobiotica. 2005 Jul;35(7):727-36. Pubmed: 16316931
  • Struzynska L, Chalimoniuk M, Sulkowski G: The role of astroglia in Pb-exposed adult rat brain with respect to glutamate toxicity. Toxicology. 2005 Sep 1;212(2-3):185-94. Pubmed: 15955607
  • Tsai CC, Chen HS, Chen SL, Ho YP, Ho KY, Wu YM, Hung CC: Lipid peroxidation: a possible role in the induction and progression of chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res. 2005 Oct;40(5):378-84. Pubmed: 16105090
  • van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. Pubmed: 17765195
  • Wielandt AM, Vollrath V, Farias M, Chianale J: Bucillamine induces glutathione biosynthesis via activation of the transcription factor Nrf2. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006 Aug 14;72(4):455-62. Epub 2006 Jun 27. Pubmed: 16806086
  • Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, Lauterburg BH: The systemic availability of oral glutathione. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;43(6):667-9. Pubmed: 1362956
  • Wu G, Fang YZ, Yang S, Lupton JR, Turner ND: Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J Nutr. 2004 Mar;134(3):489-92. Pubmed: 14988435
  • Yim CY, Hibbs JB Jr, McGregor JR, Galinsky RE, Samlowski WE: Use of N-acetyl cysteine to increase intracellular glutathione during the induction of antitumor responses by IL-2. J Immunol. 1994 Jun 15;152(12):5796-805. Pubmed: 8207209
  • Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Hoffmaster KA, Nezasa K, Tallman MN, Brouwer KL: Integration of hepatic drug transporters and phase II metabolizing enzymes: mechanisms of hepatic excretion of sulfate, glucuronide, and glutathione metabolites. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2006 Apr;27(5):447-86. Epub 2006 Feb 10. Pubmed: 16472997
Synthesis Reference: Not Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Download (PDF)
External Links:
ResourceLink
CHEBI ID16856
HMDB IDHMDB00125
Pubchem Compound ID124886
Kegg IDC00051
ChemSpider ID111188
WikipediaGlutathione
BioCyc IDGLUTATHIONE
EcoCyc IDGLUTATHIONE
Ligand ExpoGTT

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine = ADP + phosphate + glutathione
Gene Name:
gshB
Locus Tag:
PA0407
Molecular weight:
35.7 kDa
Reactions
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine = ADP + phosphate + glutathione.
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol
Gene Name:
gor
Locus Tag:
PA2025
Molecular weight:
49.2 kDa
Reactions
2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH.
General function:
Involved in arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) activity
Specific function:
Reduction of arsenate [As(V)] to arsenite [As(III)]. This protein expands the substrate specificity of ArsAB pump which can extrude arsenite and antimonite to allow for arsenate pumping and resistance
Gene Name:
arsC
Locus Tag:
PA2279
Molecular weight:
16.6 kDa
Reactions
Arsenate + glutaredoxin = arsenite + glutaredoxin disulfide + H(2)O.
General function:
Involved in lactoylglutathione lyase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione
Gene Name:
gloA
Locus Tag:
PA3524
Molecular weight:
14.3 kDa
Reactions
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione = glutathione + methylglyoxal.
General function:
Involved in gamma-glutamyltransferase activity
Specific function:
(5-L-glutamyl)-peptide + an amino acid = peptide + 5-L-glutamyl amino acid
Gene Name:
ggt
Locus Tag:
PA1338
Molecular weight:
59.9 kDa
Reactions
A (5-L-glutamyl)-peptide + an amino acid = a peptide + a 5-L-glutamyl amino acid.
Glutathione + H(2)O = L-cysteinylglycine + L-glutamate.
General function:
Involved in carboxylesterase activity
Specific function:
Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde. Hydrolyzes S-formylglutathione to glutathione and formate. Shows also esterase activity against alpha-naphthyl acetate, lactoylglutathione, palmitoyl-CoA and several pNP-esters of short chain fatty acids
Gene Name:
yeiG
Locus Tag:
PA3628
Molecular weight:
31.2 kDa
Reactions
S-formylglutathione + H(2)O = glutathione + formate.
General function:
Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones
Specific function:
Involved in disulfide bond formation. DsbG and DsbC are part of a periplasmic reducing system that controls the level of cysteine sulfenylation, and provides reducing equivalents to rescue oxidatively damaged secreted proteins such as ErfK, YbiS and YnhG. Probably also functions as a disulfide isomerase with a narrower substrate specificity than DsbC. DsbG is maintained in a reduced state by DsbD. Displays chaperone activity in both redox states in vitro
Gene Name:
dsbG
Locus Tag:
PA2476
Molecular weight:
28.1 kDa
General function:
Involved in electron carrier activity
Specific function:
Monothiol glutaredoxin involved in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters (Probable)
Gene Name:
grxD
Locus Tag:
PA3533
Molecular weight:
11.8 kDa
General function:
Involved in cell redox homeostasis
Specific function:
Acts as a disulfide isomerase, interacting with incorrectly folded proteins to correct non-native disulfide bonds. DsbG and DsbC are part of a periplasmic reducing system that controls the level of cysteine sulfenylation, and provides reducing equivalents to rescue oxidatively damaged secreted proteins. Acts by transferring its disulfide bond to other proteins and is reduced in the process. DsbC is reoxidized by DsbD
Gene Name:
dsbC
Locus Tag:
PA3737
Molecular weight:
26.1 kDa
General function:
Involved in electron carrier activity
Specific function:
The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing some disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase
Gene Name:
grxC
Locus Tag:
PA5129
Molecular weight:
9.2 kDa
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
yfcG
Locus Tag:
PA1033
Molecular weight:
24.5 kDa

Transporters