Guanine (PAMDB000051)

IdentificationTaxonomyPhysical PropertiesBiological PropertiesSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesEnzymes Transporters
Proteins (3280)
Record Information
Version 1.0
Update Date 1/22/2018 11:54:54 AM
Metabolite IDPAMDB000051
Identification
Name: Guanine
Description:Guanine is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. Being unsaturated, the bicyclic molecule is planar. The guanine nucleoside is called guanosine. High affinity binding of guanine nucleotides and the ability to hydrolyze bound GTP to GDP are characteristics of an extended family of intracellular proteins. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, EC 2.4.2.8) is a purine salvage enzyme that catalyses the conversion of hypoxanthine and guanine to their respective mononucleotides. Peroxynitrite induces DNA base damage predominantly at guanine (G) and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) nucleobases via oxidation reactions. G and 8-oxoG are the most reactive bases toward Peroxynitrite and possibly the major contributors to peroxynitrite-derived genotoxic and mutagenic lesions. The neutral G radical, reacts with NO2 to yield 8-nitroguanine and 5-nitro-4-guanidinohydantoin. (PMID: 16352449, 2435586)
Structure
Thumb
🔍MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChIView Structure
Synonyms:
  • 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-Purin-6-one
  • 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one
  • 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-purin-6-one
  • 2-Amino-3,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one
  • 2-Amino-6-hydroxy-1H-purine
  • 2-Amino-6-hydroxypurine
  • 2-Amino-6-purinol
  • 2-Amino-Hypoxanthine
  • 2-Aminohypoxanthine
  • 6-Hydroxy-2-aminopurine
  • C.I. Natural White 1
  • CI Natural white 1
  • Dew Pearl
  • GUA
  • Guanin
  • Guanine
  • Guanine enol
  • GUN
  • Mearlmaid
  • Mearlmaid AA
  • Natural pearl essence
  • Natural White 1
  • Naturon
  • Pathocidin
  • Pearl Essence
  • Stella Polaris
Chemical Formula: C5H5N5O
Average Molecular Weight: 151.1261
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 151.049409807
InChI Key: UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI:InChI=1S/C5H5N5O/c6-5-9-3-2(4(11)10-5)7-1-8-3/h1H,(H4,6,7,8,9,10,11)
CAS number: 73-40-5
IUPAC Name:2-amino-6,7-dihydro-3H-purin-6-one
Traditional IUPAC Name: 2-aminohypoxanthine
SMILES:NC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N1)N=CN2
Chemical Taxonomy
Taxonomy DescriptionThis compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hypoxanthines. These are compounds containing the purine derivative 1H-purin-6(9H)-one. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.
Kingdom Organic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
Class Imidazopyrimidines
Sub ClassPurines and purine derivatives
Direct Parent Hypoxanthines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Hypoxanthine
  • 6-oxopurine
  • Pyrimidone
  • Pyrimidine
  • Primary aromatic amine
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Vinylogous amide
  • Imidazole
  • Azole
  • Lactam
  • Azacycle
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary amine
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular Framework Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
State: Solid
Charge:0
Melting point: 360 °C
Experimental Properties:
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility:2.08 mg/mL at 37 oC [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)]PhysProp
LogP:-0.91 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)]PhysProp
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility2.31 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-0.92ALOGPS
logP-0.59ChemAxon
logS-1.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)8.95ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)2.22ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area96.16 Å2ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity38.9 m3·mol-1ChemAxon
Polarizability13.34 Å3ChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations: Cytoplasm
Reactions:
Guanine + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate > Guanosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate
Deoxyguanosine + Phosphate <> Deoxyribose 1-phosphate + Guanine
Guanosine + Phosphate <> Guanine + Ribose-1-phosphate
Guanine + Hydrogen ion + Water > Ammonium + Xanthine
Guanine + Water <> Xanthine + Ammonia
Guanosine + Water <> Guanine + Ribose
Guanosine + Phosphate <> Guanine + alpha-D-Ribose 1-phosphate
Deoxyguanosine + Phosphate <> deoxyribose-1-phosphate + Guanine
Guanine(34) in tRNA + Queuine > queuosine(34) in tRNA + Guanine
Guanine(34) in tRNA + 7-Aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine > 7-aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine(34) in tRNA + Guanine
Queuine + 7-Aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine <> Guanine
7-Aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine + tRNA guanine > 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanosine34 in tRNA + Guanine
Pathways:
Spectra
Spectra:
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)splash10-0udi-1938000000-e15e09f2007f35659bb9View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)splash10-0udi-3739000000-66a080b08ba9b9f82e20View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSNot Available
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0udi-0901000000-2864e73c83444d566e9aView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0a4i-2900000000-4229d3d01623054b4cebView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-000i-0900000000-d5ae84fefadd84f988b4View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-001i-0900000000-7d48b2e8db6967e98407View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0uxr-0900000000-67a7784963ec75cecaa0View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-00di-9000000000-4569516f23d8a712b434View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-001i-0900000000-d928cac1226f19b8edc3View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0udi-0900000000-34059351f2cbd94a8accView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0udj-0903100000-deb9c022884d7c98782eView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-001i-0900000000-45d9db80ce4657ef1773View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-004i-1900000000-86b7ee5755cbb8236f5bView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-ba534850b64f39d81fa0View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-0udi-0900000000-422f992621ab9626d1b2View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-0f89-0900000000-64e388178db73f06cb20View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0900000000-e74c005384d71f4787e5View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0900000000-de4a4c4479ea93d742b5View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0a5i-9800000000-da506476184e5c2313a4View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-03d17084c3cb072c0237View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0udi-2900000000-c372e3ba919cba4f561fView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-00kf-9200000000-8ac435f998deda6437e1View in MoNA
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0udi-8900000000-699c510cfaf838ab1922View in MoNA
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot Available
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot Available
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot Available
2D NMR[1H,1H] 2D NMR SpectrumNot Available
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot Available
References
References:
  • Allgayer H, Kolb M, Stuber V, Kruis W: Effects of bile acids on base hydroxylation in a model of human colonic mucosal DNA. Cancer Detect Prev. 2002;26(1):85-9. Pubmed: 12088208
  • Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. Pubmed: 19561621
  • Boulias C, Moscarello MA: Guanine nucleotides stimulate hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol bis phosphate in human myelin membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jul 14;162(1):282-7. Pubmed: 2546548
  • Castro-Gago M, Cid E, Trabazo S, Pavon P, Camina F, Rodriguez-Segade S, Einis Punal J, Rodriguez-Nunez A: Cerebrospinal fluid purine metabolites and pyrimidine bases after brief febrile convulsions. Epilepsia. 1995 May;36(5):471-4. Pubmed: 7614924
  • Fain JN, Wallace MA, Wojcikiewicz RJ: Evidence for involvement of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins in the activation of phospholipases by hormones. FASEB J. 1988 Jul;2(10):2569-74. Pubmed: 2838362
  • Groopman JD, Zhu JQ, Donahue PR, Pikul A, Zhang LS, Chen JS, Wogan GN: Molecular dosimetry of urinary aflatoxin-DNA adducts in people living in Guangxi Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. Cancer Res. 1992 Jan 1;52(1):45-52. Pubmed: 1727385
  • Harkness RA: Hypoxanthine, xanthine and uridine in body fluids, indicators of ATP depletion. J Chromatogr. 1988 Jul 29;429:255-78. Pubmed: 3062020
  • Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597. Pubmed: 17379776
  • Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. Pubmed: 22080510
  • Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. Pubmed: 21097882
  • Liu Z, Li T, Wang E: Simultaneous determination of guanine, uric acid, hypoxanthine and xanthine in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. Analyst. 1995 Aug;120(8):2181-4. Pubmed: 7677251
  • Niles, J. C., Wishnok, J. S., Tannenbaum, S. R. (2006). "Peroxynitrite-induced oxidation and nitration products of guanine and 8-oxoguanine: structures and mechanisms of product formation." Nitric Oxide 14:109-121. Pubmed: 16352449
  • Ohdoi C, Nyhan WL, Kuhara T: Chemical diagnosis of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Jul 15;792(1):123-30. Pubmed: 12829005
  • Parkinson SJ, Waldman SA: An intracellular adenine nucleotide binding site inhibits guanyly cyclase C by a guanine nucleotide-dependent mechanism. Biochemistry. 1996 Mar 12;35(10):3213-21. Pubmed: 8605156
  • Rodriguez-Nunez A, Camina F, Lojo S, Rodriguez-Segade S, Castro-Gago M: Concentrations of nucleotides, nucleosides, purine bases and urate in cerebrospinal fluid of children with meningitis. Acta Paediatr. 1993 Oct;82(10):849-52. Pubmed: 8241644
  • Russo TA, Jodush ST, Brown JJ, Johnson JR: Identification of two previously unrecognized genes (guaA and argC) important for uropathogenesis. Mol Microbiol. 1996 Oct;22(2):217-29. Pubmed: 8930907
  • Schei MA, Hessen JO, Lund E: House-dust mites and mattresses. Allergy. 2002 Jun;57(6):538-42. Pubmed: 12028120
  • Sculley DG, Dawson PA, Emmerson BT, Gordon RB: A review of the molecular basis of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency. Hum Genet. 1992 Nov;90(3):195-207. Pubmed: 1487231
  • Shioya M, Wakabayashi K, Yamashita K, Nagao M, Sugimura T: Formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA treated with fecapentaene-12 and -14. Mutat Res. 1989 Mar;225(3):91-4. Pubmed: 2927433
  • Spiegel AM: Signal transduction by guanine nucleotide binding proteins. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1987 Jan;49(1):1-16. Pubmed: 2435586
  • Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. Pubmed: 19212411
  • Steyn LM, Harley EH: Intracellular activity of HPRT Cape Town: purine uptake and growth of cultured cells in selective media. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1985;8(4):198-203. Pubmed: 3939543
  • van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. Pubmed: 17765195
  • Weimann A, Belling D, Poulsen HE: Quantification of 8-oxo-guanine and guanine as the nucleobase, nucleoside and deoxynucleoside forms in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 15;30(2):E7. Pubmed: 11788733
  • Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948. Pubmed: 18331064
  • Yafe A, Etzioni S, Weisman-Shomer P, Fry M: Formation and properties of hairpin and tetraplex structures of guanine-rich regulatory sequences of muscle-specific genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 May 20;33(9):2887-900. Print 2005. Pubmed: 15908587
Synthesis Reference: Xiao, Xuhua; Ma, Weiyong. One-pot synthesis of guanine. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2007), 10pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Download (PDF)
External Links:
ResourceLink
CHEBI ID16235
HMDB IDHMDB00132
Pubchem Compound ID764
Kegg IDC00242
ChemSpider ID744
WikipediaGuanine
BioCyc IDGUANINE
EcoCyc IDGUANINE
Ligand ExpoGUN

Enzymes

Protein Details
• Queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase
General function:
Involved in queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Exchanges the guanine residue with 7-aminomethyl-7- deazaguanine in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr). After this exchange, a cyclopentendiol moiety is attached to the 7-aminomethyl group of 7-deazaguanine, resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (Q) (7-(((4,5-cis- dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine)
Gene Name:
tgt
Locus Tag:
PA3823
Molecular weight:
41.2 kDa
Reactions
[tRNA]-guanine + queuine = [tRNA]-queuine + guanine.
[tRNA]-guanine + 7-aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine = [tRNA]-7-aminomethyl-7-carbaguanine + guanine.
Protein Details
• Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
General function:
Involved in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis
Gene Name:
apt
Locus Tag:
PA1543
Molecular weight:
19.8 kDa
Reactions
AMP + diphosphate = adenine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Protein Details
• Guanine deaminase
General function:
Involved in hydrolase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of guanine, producing xanthine and ammonia
Gene Name:
guaD
Locus Tag:
PA1521
Molecular weight:
48.3 kDa
Reactions
Guanine + H(2)O = xanthine + NH(3).

Transporters

Protein Details
• Xanthine permease XanP
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Specific, proton motive force-dependent high-affinity transporter for xanthine
Gene Name:
xanP
Locus Tag:
PA0352
Molecular weight:
47.9 kDa