Record Information
Version 1.0
Update Date 1/22/2018 11:54:54 AM
Metabolite IDPAMDB000214
Identification
Name: Trehalose
Description:Trehalose, also known as mycose, is a 1-alpha (disaccharide) sugar found extensively but not abundantly in nature. It is thought to be implicated in anhydrobiosis - the ability of plants and animals to withstand prolonged periods of desiccation. The sugar is thought to form a gel phase as cells dehydrate, which prevents disruption of internal cell organelles by effectively splinting them in position. Rehydration then allows normal cellular activity to be resumed without the major, generally lethal damage that would normally follow a dehydration/reyhdration cycle.Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar formed from two glucose units joined by a 1-1 alpha bond giving it the name of alpha-D-glucopyranoglucopyranosyl-1,1-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. The bonding makes trehalose very resistant to acid hydrolysis, and therefore stable in solution at high temperatures even under acidic conditions. The bonding also keeps non-reducing sugars in closed-ring form, such that the aldehyde or ketone end-groups do not bind to the lysine or arginine residues of proteins (a process called glycation). The enzyme trehalase breaks it into two glucose molecules.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms:
  • α,α-trehalose
  • a,a-Trehalose
  • Alpha,alpha-Trehalose
  • D-Trehalose
  • D-Trehalose-anhydrous
  • Delta-Trehalose-anhydrous
  • α,α-Trehalose
  • δ-Trehalose-anhydrous
Chemical Formula: C12H22O11
Average Molecular Weight: 342.2965
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 342.116211546
InChI Key: HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-LIZSDCNHSA-N
InChI:InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)7(17)9(19)11(21-3)23-12-10(20)8(18)6(16)4(2-14)22-12/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6-,7+,8+,9-,10-,11-,12-/m1/s1
CAS number: 99-20-7
IUPAC Name:(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-{[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}oxane-3,4,5-triol
Traditional IUPAC Name: α,α'-trehalose
SMILES:OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O
Chemical Taxonomy
Taxonomy DescriptionThis compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as o-glycosyl compounds. These are glycoside in which a sugar group is bonded through one carbon to another group via a O-glycosidic bond.
Kingdom Organic compounds
Super ClassOrganooxygen compounds
Class Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Sub ClassGlycosyl compounds
Direct Parent O-glycosyl compounds
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • O-glycosyl compound
  • Disaccharide
  • Oxane
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Polyol
  • 1,2-diol
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Acetal
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary alcohol
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular Framework Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
State: Solid
Charge:0
Melting point: 203 °C
Experimental Properties:
PropertyValueSource
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility592.0 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-3ALOGPS
logP-4.7ChemAxon
logS0.24ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)11.91ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count11ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count8ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area189.53 Å2ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity68.34 m3·mol-1ChemAxon
Polarizability31.2 Å3ChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
Bioavailability0ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations: Cytoplasm
Reactions:
Pathways:
Spectra
Spectra:
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (8 TMS)splash10-0j4m-0932000000-8d7c80edd7f55e92ea29View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (8 TMS)splash10-00di-9511000000-b710c7c4bd86fd5f1af0View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (8 TMS)splash10-00di-9511000000-2e5f22e6ba282283a569View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (8 TMS)splash10-00di-9832000000-b3259de2e25ea7293565View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (8 TMS)splash10-0wos-0921000000-68fb82f427417ec703a0View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (8 TMS)splash10-0j4m-0943000000-07c11d483e4278dc639aView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (8 TMS)splash10-0wmm-0953000000-b74403fa3ce6ce0339ebView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)splash10-0i04-0932000000-8de0421184ae3291ea53View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (8 TMS)splash10-00di-8932000000-c327fe31b8d3e86dd97dView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (8 TMS)splash10-0j4l-0954000000-33e230d28780be607983View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSNot Available
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-03di-1901000000-865e9e390fac7d13c2f8View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-000i-9500000000-7d4c9de285c2872d2320View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-000i-9000000000-c71f25d08b875caff6b6View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-0006-0019000000-3b4e276ff5686c841bddView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-0fdx-8905000000-fafde7828ce0d63fe618View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, PositiveNot Available
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, PositiveNot Available
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, PositiveNot Available
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, NegativeNot Available
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, NegativeNot Available
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, NegativeNot Available
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot Available
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot Available
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot Available
2D NMR[1H,1H] 2D NMR SpectrumNot Available
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot Available
References
References:
  • Alcoba-Florez J, Mendez-Alvarez S, Cano J, Guarro J, Perez-Roth E, del Pilar Arevalo M: Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Candida nivariensis sp. nov., a possible new opportunistic fungus. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Aug;43(8):4107-11. Pubmed: 16081957
  • Alvarez-Peral FJ, Arguelles JC: Changes in external trehalase activity during human serum-induced dimorphic transition in Candida albicans. Res Microbiol. 2000 Dec;151(10):837-43. Pubmed: 11191809
  • Arguelles JC, Rodriguez T, Alvarez-Peral FJ: Trehalose hydrolysis is not required for human serum-induced dimorphic transition in Candida albicans: evidence from a tps1/tps1 mutant deficient in trehalose synthesis. Res Microbiol. 1999 Oct;150(8):521-9. Pubmed: 10577485
  • Berlutti F, Thaller MC, Dainelli B, Pezzi R: T-mod pathway, a reduced sequence for identification of gram-negative urinary tract pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jul;27(7):1646-9. Pubmed: 2768451
  • Chang LL, Shepherd D, Sun J, Ouellette D, Grant KL, Tang XC, Pikal MJ: Mechanism of protein stabilization by sugars during freeze-drying and storage: native structure preservation, specific interaction, and/or immobilization in a glassy matrix? J Pharm Sci. 2005 Jul;94(7):1427-44. Pubmed: 15920775
  • Citron DM, Baron EJ, Finegold SM, Goldstein EJ: Short prereduced anaerobically sterilized (PRAS) biochemical scheme for identification of clinical isolates of bile-resistant Bacteroides species. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Oct;28(10):2220-3. Pubmed: 2229345
  • Corning BF, Murphy JC, Fox JG: Group G streptococcal lymphadenitis in rats. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Dec;29(12):2720-3. Pubmed: 1757539
  • Davies JE, Sarkar S, Rubinsztein DC: Trehalose reduces aggregate formation and delays pathology in a transgenic mouse model of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Jan 1;15(1):23-31. Epub 2005 Nov 25. Pubmed: 16311254
  • Eroglu A, Russo MJ, Bieganski R, Fowler A, Cheley S, Bayley H, Toner M: Intracellular trehalose improves the survival of cryopreserved mammalian cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2000 Feb;18(2):163-7. Pubmed: 10657121
  • Fujita Y, Naka T, Doi T, Yano I: Direct molecular mass determination of trehalose monomycolate from 11 species of mycobacteria by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Microbiology. 2005 May;151(Pt 5):1443-52. Pubmed: 15870454
  • Guo N, Puhlev I, Brown DR, Mansbridge J, Levine F: Trehalose expression confers desiccation tolerance on human cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2000 Feb;18(2):168-71. Pubmed: 10657122
  • Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. Pubmed: 22080510
  • Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. Pubmed: 21097882
  • Lu FQ, Liu JH, Ouyang XL, Li XJ, Zhou J, Zhuang Y: [Process of human platelets loaded with rehalose before lyophilization] Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2006 Feb;14(1):156-61. Pubmed: 16584614
  • Ma X, Jamil K, Macrae TH, Clegg JS, Russell JM, Villeneuve TS, Euloth M, Sun Y, Crowe JH, Tablin F, Oliver AE: A small stress protein acts synergistically with trehalose to confer desiccation tolerance on mammalian cells. Cryobiology. 2005 Aug;51(1):15-28. Pubmed: 15963489
  • Nie Y, de Pablo JJ, Palecek SP: Platelet cryopreservation using a trehalose and phosphate formulation. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2005 Oct 5;92(1):79-90. Pubmed: 15937943
  • Potier M, Dallaire L, Melancon SB: Occurrence and properties of fetal intestinal glycosidases (disaccharidases) in human amniotic fluid. Biol Neonate. 1975;27(3-4):141-52. Pubmed: 241430
  • Sasnoor LM, Kale VP, Limaye LS: A combination of catalase and trehalose as additives to conventional freezing medium results in improved cryoprotection of human hematopoietic cells with reference to in vitro migration and adhesion properties. Transfusion. 2005 Apr;45(4):622-33. Pubmed: 15819685
  • Shirkhanzadeh M: Microneedles coated with porous calcium phosphate ceramics: effective vehicles for transdermal delivery of solid trehalose. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2005 Jan;16(1):37-45. Pubmed: 15754142
  • van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. Pubmed: 17765195
  • Vijayendran, C., Barsch, A., Friehs, K., Niehaus, K., Becker, A., Flaschel, E. (2008). "Perceiving molecular evolution processes in Escherichia coli by comprehensive metabolite and gene expression profiling." Genome Biol 9:R72. Pubmed: 18402659
  • Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948. Pubmed: 18331064
  • Yoshioka S, Aso Y: A quantitative assessment of the significance of molecular mobility as a determinant for the stability of lyophilized insulin formulations. Pharm Res. 2005 Aug;22(8):1358-64. Epub 2005 Aug 3. Pubmed: 16078146
Synthesis Reference: Murao, Sawao; Nagano, Hiroto; Ogura, Sei; Nishino, Toyokazu. Enzymic synthesis of trehalose from maltose. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry (1985), 49(7), 2113-18.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Download (PDF)
External Links:
ResourceLink
CHEBI ID16551
HMDB IDHMDB00975
Pubchem Compound ID1143
Kegg IDC01083
ChemSpider ID7149
WikipediaTrehalose
BioCyc IDTREHALOSE
EcoCyc IDTREHALOSE
Ligand ExpoTRE

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Provides the cells with the ability to utilize trehalose at high osmolarity by splitting it into glucose molecules that can subsequently be taken up by the phosphotransferase-mediated uptake system
Gene Name:
treA
Locus Tag:
PA2416
Molecular weight:
61.2 kDa
Reactions
Alpha,alpha-trehalose + H(2)O = 2 D-glucose.

Transporters