Record Information
Version 1.0
Update Date 1/22/2018 12:54:54 PM
Metabolite IDPAMDB110555
Identification
Name: β-D-galactose
Description:Galactose is an optical isomer of glucose. An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl-transferase deficiency disease) causes an error in galactose metabolism called galactosemia, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. Galactose (Gal) (also called brain sugar) is a type of sugar found in dairy products, in sugar beets and other gums and mucilages. It is also synthesized by the body, where it forms part of glycolipids and glycoproteins in several tissues. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy. Galactose is less sweet than glucose and not very water-soluble. Galactose is a monosaccharide constituent, together with glucose, of the disaccharide lactose. The hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose is catalyzed by the enzyme beta-galactosidase, a lactase. In the human body, glucose is changed into galactose in order to enable the mammary glands to secrete lactose. Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose. It is found in hemicellulose and can be converted to galactose by hydrolysis.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms:
  • β-D-galactopyranose
  • cerebrose
  • 6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
Chemical Formula: C6H12O6
Average Molecular Weight: 180.16
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 180.0633881178
InChI Key: WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-FPRJBGLDSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3+,4+,5-,6-/m1/s1
CAS number: 7296-64-2
IUPAC Name:(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
Traditional IUPAC Name: ? D-galactose
SMILES:C(O)C1(OC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)1)
Chemical Taxonomy
Taxonomy DescriptionThis compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexoses. These are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity.
Kingdom Organic compounds
Super ClassOrganic oxygen compounds
Class Organooxygen compounds
Sub ClassCarbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Direct Parent Hexoses
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Hexose monosaccharide
  • Oxane
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Hemiacetal
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Polyol
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary alcohol
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular Framework Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
  • L-galactopyranose (L-GALACTOSE)
Physical Properties
State: Solid
Charge:0
Melting point: Not Available
Experimental Properties:
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility782.0 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-2.6ALOGPS
logP-2.9ChemAxon
logS0.64ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)11.3ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count5ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area110.38 Å2ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity35.92 m3·mol-1ChemAxon
Polarizability16.33 Å3ChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations: Not Available
Reactions:
Pathways:
    Spectra
    Spectra:
    Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
    Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSNot Available
    LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0019-3900000000-3b00dcca100b6e3bb228View in MoNA
    LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0002-9000000000-867bfd833e01f3033747View in MoNA
    LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-066r-9000000000-65a7d765a9429db38b1fView in MoNA
    Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, PositiveNot Available
    Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, PositiveNot Available
    Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, PositiveNot Available
    Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, NegativeNot Available
    Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, NegativeNot Available
    Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, NegativeNot Available
    References
    References:
    • Sweatman BC, Farrant RD, Holmes E, Ghauri FY, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC: 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy of human cerebrospinal fluid: effects of sample manipulation and assignment of resonances. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1993 Aug;11(8):651-64. [8257730 ]
    • Ning C, Reynolds R, Chen J, Yager C, Berry GT, McNamara PD, Leslie N, Segal S: Galactose metabolism by the mouse with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency. Pediatr Res. 2000 Aug;48(2):211-7. [10926297 ]
    • Rapoport EM, Nekrasov MV, Khaidukov SV, Svirshchevskaya EV, Zhigis LS, Kozlov LV, Batalova TN, Zubov VP, Bovin NV: Cellular localization of the galactose-binding lectin from human serum. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000 Nov;65(11):1316-20. [11112850 ]
    • Seiler CA, Renner EL, Czerniak A, Didonna D, Buchler MW, Reichen J: Early acute cellular rejection: no effect on late hepatic allograft function in man. Transpl Int. 1999;12(3):195-201. [10429957 ]
    • van den Nieuwenhof IM, Renardel de Lavalette C, Diaz N, van Die I, van den Berg TK: Differential galactosylation of neuronal and haematopoietic signal regulatory protein-alpha determines its cellular binding-specificity. J Cell Sci. 2001 Apr;114(Pt 7):1321-9. [11256998 ]
    • Ono H, Mawatari H, Mizoguchi N, Eguchi T, Sakura N, Hamakawa M: Transient galactosemia detected by neonatal mass screening. Pediatr Int. 1999 Jun;41(3):281-4. [10365579 ]
    • Niebroj-Dobosz I, Janik P, Jamrozik Z, Kwiecinski H: Immunochemical quantification of glycoconjugates in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Eur J Neurol. 1999 May;6(3):335-40. [10210915 ]
    • Schmidt LE, Ott P, Tygstrup N: Galactose elimination capacity as a prognostic marker in patients with severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: 10 years' experience. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 May;2(5):418-24. [15118981 ]
    • Mizoguchi N, Ono H, Eguchi T, Sakura N: Galactose metabolites in blood from neonates with and without hypergalactosaemia detected by mass screening. Eur J Pediatr. 2000 Nov;159(11):851-3. [11079200 ]
    • Nakagawa F, Schulte BA, Spicer SS: Lectin cytochemical evaluation of somatosensory neurons and their peripheral and central processes in rat and man. Cell Tissue Res. 1986;245(3):579-89. [3757018 ]
    • Hanisch FG, Heimbuchel G, Baldus SE, Uhlenbruck G, Schmits R, Pfreundschuh M, Schwonzen M, Vierbuchen M, Bara J, Peter-Katalinic J: Monoclonal antibody FW6 defines an epitope on alpha 3/4-monofucosylated polylactosaminoglycans expressed by fetal and colon carcinoma-associated mucins. Cancer Res. 1993 Sep 15;53(18):4367-75. [8364932 ]
    • Muthusamy A, Erickson DR, Sheykhnazari M, Bhavanandan VP: Enhanced binding of modified pentosan polysulfate and heparin to bladder--a strategy for improved treatment of interstitial cystitis. Urology. 2006 Jan;67(1):209-13. [16413377 ]
    • Furuhashi M, Suzuki S, Tomoda Y, Suganuma N: Role of the Pro-Leu-Arg motif in glycosylation of human gonadotropin alpha-subunit. Endocrinology. 1995 May;136(5):2270-5. [7536667 ]
    • Goluboff ET, Mertz JR, Tres LL, Kierszenbaum AL: Galactosyl receptor in human testis and sperm is antigenically related to the minor C-type (Ca(2+)-dependent) lectin variant of human and rat liver. Mol Reprod Dev. 1995 Apr;40(4):460-6. [7598912 ]
    • Kalichman MW, Powell HC, Mizisin AP: Reactive, degenerative, and proliferative Schwann cell responses in experimental galactose and human diabetic neuropathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1998 Jan;95(1):47-56. [9452821 ]
    • Stanley A, Osler T: Senescence and the healing rates of venous ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2001 Jun;33(6):1206-11. [11389419 ]
    • Wan H, Perez DR: Quail carry sialic acid receptors compatible with binding of avian and human influenza viruses. Virology. 2006 Mar 15;346(2):278-86. Epub 2005 Dec 2. [16325879 ]
    • Puch S, Bhavanandan VP: Endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins of rabbit and human bladder. Urology. 1999 Apr;53(4):848-52. [10197873 ]
    • Bhavanandan VP, Puch S, Guo X, Jiang W: Galectins and other endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins of animal bladder. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;491:95-108. [14533792 ]
    • Chen YT, Mattison DR, Bercu BB, Schulman JD: Resistance of the male gonad to a high galactose diet. Pediatr Res. 1984 Apr;18(4):345-8. [6718090 ]
    Synthesis Reference: Wolfrom, M. L.; Thompson, A.; Inatome, M. Acyl migration in the D-galactose structure. Journal of the American Chemical Society (1957), 79 3868-71.
    Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Download (PDF)
    External Links:
    ResourceLink
    CAS7296-64-2
    ChEBI28034
    ChemSpider388476
    HMDBHMDB03449
    IAF126037923
    KEGGC00962
    PubChem439353